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THE FIRST RED SCARE (1917–1920)
Triggered by U.S. entry into World War I and the Russian Revolution, the First Red Scare federalized political prosecution through the Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918. The 1917 IWW mass trial in Chicago, the prosecutions of Eugene V. Debs and Victor L. Berger, the November 1919–January 1920 Palmer Raids, and the deportation of Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman to Soviet Russia all came out of this period.