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THE ANTI-GLOBALIZATION MOVEMENT (1999–2001)
The 1999 'Battle of Seattle' shut down the World Trade Organization summit and opened a new cycle of mass summit protest — met by a new style of policing built on preemptive mass arrest, 'kettling,' and military-grade 'less-lethal' weapons. The sweeping arrests at the 2000 Republican and Democratic conventions and the 2001 protests in Quebec City and Genoa pioneered crowd-control tactics later turned against nearly every protest movement of the next two decades.