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ABOLITIONISM & THE SLAVE POWER (1850–1861)
The first Americans imprisoned and executed for defying the federal government's defining institution were enemies of slavery. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 made aiding an escape a federal crime and produced the prosecutions that followed the Christiana Resistance (1851), the Jerry Rescue (1851), and the Oberlin–Wellington Rescue (1858). John Brown was hanged for treason against Virginia after the October 1859 raid on Harpers Ferry, and his captured co-defendants — including John Anthony Copeland Jr. and Shields Green — were executed alongside him.