Each American war since has renewed the tradition. The Gulf War jailed refusers like Marine corporal Jeff Paterson, who sat down on the tarmac; the Iraq War produced Camilo Mejía, the first combat veteran imprisoned for refusing to return, Kevin Benderman, Agustín Aguayo — and Lt. Ehren Watada, the first officer to refuse deployment, whose court-martial ended in mistrial and discharge. Kathleen Gilberd's and the GI-rights movement's counseling networks revived the Vietnam infrastructure for a volunteer military.

Civilian resistance ran through Voices in the Wilderness — Kathy Kelly repeatedly imprisoned, from sanctions-breaking flights to Baghdad to walking onto drone bases — the SOA Watch line-crossers at Fort Benning, and the Hancock and Beale drone-base defendants of the 2010s: the whole apparatus of the era's wars met, action by action, with the same willingness to go to jail that began at Canton, Ohio in 1918.