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California

Political repression plays out state by state — shaped by local institutions, prosecutors, and movements for defense. These are the documented political prisoners and cases the census holds for California.

769Documented
19In custody
682Released
9Awaiting trial

Eras of repression in California

Where California’s entries fall across the census’s historical eras.

1910s 164 1970s 121 1930s 97 1960s 80 1950s 66 2020s 61

Documented cases

769 entries in the census — every one stays in the record, whether the case is open or closed.

William Buwalda
Released
William Buwalda was a United States Army soldier with some fifteen years of service who, in 1908, attended a l...
Jesse Cannon
Released
San Diego antifascist, hip-hop artist, park defender, and longtime community organizer. Served a five-year Cal...
David Caplan
Released
David Caplan was an anarchist and labor militant, a grocery-store keeper on Bainbridge Island, Washington, pro...
Vanessa Carrasco
Released
Vanessa Carrasco, 40, Justice 8 defendant; September 2023 Victorville street-vendor protest. 12 months Califor...
Sal Castro
Released
Castro was a Mexican American educator and major figure in the 1968 East L.A. walkouts (“Chicano Blowouts”), e...
Pat Chambers
Released
Pat Chambers was a leader of the California cotton and cannery strikes, one of the eighteen indicted at Sacram...
Cesar Chavez
Released
Cesar Estrada Chavez was the co-founder, with Dolores Huerta, of the United Farm Workers and the most prominen...
David Chavez
Released
David Chavez, 28, Justice 8 defendant; September 2023 Victorville street-vendor protest. 24 months California...
Ricardo Chavez-Ortiz
Released
Mexican man sentenced to 20 years for a 1972 political airline hijacking in which he took no ransom and asked...
Rose Chernin
Released
Russian Jewish immigrant 1913. LA CPUSA leader. Yates defendant; arrested August 1951; released December 8, 19...
Kathleen Cleaver
Released
Kathleen Neal Cleaver joined the Black Panther Party in late 1967 and became its Communications Secretary, the...
Eldridge Cleaver
Released
Eldridge Cleaver was the Black Panther Party's Minister of Information and the author of Soul on Ice (1968), o...
Lester Cole
Released
Lester Cole, a screenwriter and a founding member of the Screen Writers Guild was one of the “Hollywood Ten,”...
Mark Comfort
Released
Mark Everett Comfort was one of Oakland's most prominent grassroots Black organizers of the early-to-mid 1960s...
Robert Connellan
Released
Robert Connellan was secretary of the IWW local in Stockton, California. He was convicted at the mass IWW tria...
Margaret E. Cornell
Released
Margaret E. Cornell was an Irish-born office clerk, age 52 at the time of her conviction, who worked at the Ge...
Paul Crouch
Released
Paul Crouch, a young U.S. Army private at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii, was court-martialed in 1925 for organizi...
Charles C. Crowley
Released
Charles C. Crowley was a San Francisco private detective hired by the German Consulate under Consul-General Fr...
Norma Jean Croy
Released
Norma Jean Croy is a Native American woman whose case became closely tied to debates about over-policing, fair...
Iva Toguri D'Aquino
Released
Iva Toguri D’Aquino, later widely labeled “Tokyo Rose,” was an American citizen stranded in wartime Japan who...
Sam Darcy
Released
Sam Darcy, editor of the Western Worker, was arrested with forty-five other workers at Long Beach, California...
Taraknath Das
Released
Taraknath Das was an Indian revolutionary and Ghadar Party organizer in the United States, connected to IWW an...
Angela Davis
Released
Angela Davis became a national and international symbol of Black liberation and left politics at the intersect...
Har Dayal
Released
Lala Har Dayal was an Indian revolutionary, scholar, and anti-colonial organizer who became a leading figure o...

Institutions in California

Prisons, jails, and detention centers in California that appear in the census’s case files.

San Quentin State PrisonSan Quentin, California
150 cases
Federal Bureau of Prisons
59 cases
San Quentin Rehabilitation CenterSan Quentin, California
23 cases
Presidio StockadeSan Francisco, California
22 cases
Los Angeles County JailLos Angeles, California
21 cases
Metropolitan Detention Center, Los AngelesLos Angeles, California
14 cases
San Francisco County JailSan Francisco, California
13 cases
Alameda County JailOakland, California
10 cases