Biography
Economist, sociologist, and pacifist; professor at Wellesley College (1896-1918). A founder of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) and a delegate to the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague. After publicly opposing U.S. entry into WWI and joining the People's Council of America and American Union Against Militarism, she was denied reappointment at Wellesley in 1918 over her pacifism — one of the highest-profile academic firings of the war. Became international secretary of WILPF (1919-22) and devoted the next four decades to peace organizing, refugee work, and disarmament. Awarded the 1946 Nobel Peace Prize jointly with John R. Mott — the second American woman to receive it after Jane Addams.
