Kintpuash, the Modoc leader known as Captain Jack, was hanged at Fort Klamath, Oregon along with three other Modoc prisoners after a U.S. military tribunal convicted them of war crimes for the killing of General Edward Canby during the Modoc War.

In a coordinated multi-state action, the FBI arrested six people accused of Earth Liberation Front and Animal Liberation Front actions stretching back to the late 1990s. The investigation, dubbed "Operation Backfire," used an informant who had been a movement participant. Many defendants — Daniel McGowan, Joyanna Zacher, Nathan Block, Stanislas Meyerhoff, Chelsea Gerlach, Kevin Tubbs — received sentences with "terrorism enhancements."